Ethanol Paper Essay Example

Ethanol Paper Essay What is Ethanol? Ethanol, which is sometimes called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, or grain alcohol is defined as, â€Å"a high octane, clean burning, American- made renewable fuels. † Ethanol is an increasing important aspect of our society and its popularity is becoming more widespread on a daily basis. Ethanol, a substance made out of Sugar-cane, maize, sorghum, wheat , and other grains, has become one of the main viable source of energy in the world. In countries like South Africa and Brazil, fuel contains around 24 percent ethanol (much of it 100 percent), 76 percent gasoline. In the United States, in most service stations, fuel is blended 10 percent ethanol, 90 percent gasoline. The record of oil prices worldwide is extremely high. Even thought the production and consumption of ethanol in the United States have increase, the oil market prices still very high. One of the solutions to this problem is to increase of blending of ethanol with gasoline, just like in Brazil. According to thefreedictionary. com ethanol is â€Å" An alcohol obtained from the fermentation of sugars and starches or by chemical synthesis. It is the intoxicating ingredient of alcoholic beverages, and is also used as a solvent, in explosives, and as an additive to or replacement for petroleum-based fuels. † Brazil being one of the only countries really exploring ethanol has limited if not cut off its dependency on oil. It cost less to produce ethanol and it is also cleaner for our environment. Beginning in the 1970’s every gas station in Brazil was required to have at least one ethanol pump and the government mandated that all gasoline be mixed with ethanol. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethanol Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethanol Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethanol Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This new discovery has also led to a new type of car called, a â€Å"flex vehicle†. It gives the driver the option of either using gasoline and ethanol blend or 100 % percent ethanol. Today 70% of all cars sold in Brazil are flex vehicles. They cost about the same as a regular car. Ethanol is cleaner, cheaper and better for the environment and us as humans. Ethanol is higher in power-producing octane than most gasoline and can reduce tailpipe emissions of carbon monoxide and harmful particulates The production of ethanol is growing at a rapid rate since the production in the 1980’s. There are approximately 180 ethanol production facilities in the US and this number does not account for the 20 that are currently under manufacture. Ethanol is many times combined with unleaded gasoline and can be a blend of E10, E20, E30, E40 or E85. The most common blends are E10 and E85. E10 is made up of 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline. Approximately 70% of gasoline we use in our vehicles are the mixture of E10 because it has pure burning characteristics. E85 is a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline and can be used for flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). Throughout the decade, the use of ethanol has become very important and over the past decade, many farmers, businessmen and investors have joined the advancements in the production ethanol. The USDA believes that the new production of oil will create a revenue of about 2 to 4 billion dollars for farmers by the year 2012. There have been several studies that have been conducted and they all prove that the price of corn has increased 5-10 per bushels if the farm was placed near an area of an ethanol plant. Corn is the primary ingredient in the production of ethanol and it can also be used in other products such as, wheat, barley, sugar cane, beets, cheese, potatoes (etc). Ethanol can also be manufactured in a dry- mills and wet- mills (which were more common when ethanol was first produced). The ethanol that is created is the United States displaces the need for crude oil that we would need from other countries. This would lead our country to gain more independence which is needed in a time where our economy needs to consume all its valuable resources. The Energy Information Administration reported that â€Å"Ethanol is key to reducing our country’s trade deficit in crude oil, a figure that has steadily been steadily increasing: $27 billion in 1987 up to $100 billion in 2002. † Since the United States imports two- thirds of their oil, the dependency of foreign crude oil will become great in the years to come. The Federal Highway Administration states that the US fuel consumption has increased form 12 billions a gallon a year in 1970, to 160 billion gallons in 2002. That is a tremendous jump in such a shot amount of time that leads many to believe that we are consuming more ethanol on a yearly basis. Ethanol is extremely important and it is of great value to the US agriculture because it generates millions of dollars on a local, state and national level. It is estimated that the more plants produced, more jobs will be created for the our country whose people are constantly losing there jobs due to economical reasons. E thanol is being proposed as the next alternative source of energy that will meet the needs for the high demand for fuel. Ethanol a biofuel is considered to be a viable source of energy, as it is made from such crops as corn, maize, sugarcane, potato and just about any solid waste matter. Ethanol is also considered to be a renewable source of energy, derived from the sunlight, which is replenishable. Along with these qualities, there are still many advantages and disadvantages to the use of Ethanol as a source of energy. One could say that the advantages of Ethanol’s use far outweigh the disadvantages; however the question is asked what are these advantages. The major advantage of Ethanol’s use is the source of energy that is used in its production. The energy source is mainly derived from the sun and as such does add to the cost of production. Compared to energy from fossil fuels, which when once burn is gone, the energy from Ethanol is renewable and reusable (Blackburn, 1987). Financial gain is another of Ethanol’s advantage: Ethanol’s future is now seen as a capital investment (Hostetter, 2007). Ethanol is now being traded on the stock market and has had it â€Å"fair share† of highs and lows on the market, where it was once compared to the frenzy of the dot com companies at their inception into the market (Hostetter, 2007). Ethanol is considered to be environment-friendly, especially in today’s world where more focus and awareness on â€Å"going green† has become a cause for many in saving the earth. â€Å"In the U. S. , ethanol’s environment-friendly role is growing due to legislation mandating a phasing out of other fuel sources with the toxic Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), in favor of ethanol† (Anwar, 2006). Independent farmers may also benefit from the use of Ethanol, especially those farmers whose main crop is corn. Corn is one of the main crops used in the production of Ethanol and as such, its sale will provide a boost for the farmers who produce corn. Ethanol usage will also reduce greenhouse gas emission, whereby carbon will be â€Å"recaptured† during the process of making ethanol. The advantages of Ethanol use are verifiable; however, the disadvantages to ethanol’s use are just as many. Disadvantages to Ethanol’s use include food shortages, as many staples including the potato is being used to make Ethanol. Trees that are sometimes used as form of heat energy in the production of Ethanol will leave a void in the area from which they were taken, leaving a potential for landslides. This is evident in the country of Haiti, where in recent times; landslides took the life and livelihood of many people during the hurricane seasons. This was a direct result of deforestation in that country. â€Å"Corn, which is the source of 95% of ethanol in the U. S. , is among the least efficient, least sustainable biofuels. Corn ethanol has little promise of reducing U. S. fossil fuel emissions† (Shapely, 2007). Corn based Ethanol will contribute to environmental pollution; the planting of many fields of corn will require the use of fertilizers and other chemicals which if there is a runoff may lead to phosphorus pollution in the water table. Other disadvantages to Ethanol as a viable source of energy are the limitations in the planting of other crops. Since crops that are â€Å"high producers† of Ethanol will be in high demand, then farmers may not be encouraged to plant other crops, thus leading to shortages and scarcity of other crops to fill the supply of the food market. When compared to pure gasoline, burning pure Ethanol in a vehicle will result in at least a 34% reduction in miles per gallon. While Ethanol is considered to be cheaper, this may prove to be a disadvantage to many, who engage in distance driving, for example, the truck teamsters, who need as much mileage per gallon that is possible. According to Union of Concerned Scientists, most of our energy comes from fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. It supply about eight five percent of U. S. primary energy consumption. Although the supplies of these fossil fuels are vast which means proportions, they are not limited, but most important, the earth’s atmosphere and biosphere may not survive the environmental impact of burning such enormous amounts of these fuels. The different type of valuable energy sources and their history by Union of Concerned Scientists: Biomass is from plants, a rich source of carbon and hydrogen, and one that can be used within the natural carbon cycle. Biomass is fast-growing plants, such as; switch-grass, willow and popular trees which can be harvested as â€Å"power crops†. Biomass wastes, including forest residues, lumber and paper mill waste, crop wastes, garbage, landfill and sewage gas. Biomass wastes can be used to produce heat, transportation fuels and electricity. Mean while, at the same time reduce environmental burdens. Geothermal energy taps into the heat under the earth’s crust to boil water, than the hot water is used to drive electric turbines and heat buildings. Hydroelectric power uses the force of moving water to produce electricity. Hydropower is one of the main supplies of electricity in the world†, but most often in the formed of large dams that disrupt habitats and displace people, with using a better approach is usage of small hydro plants â€Å"run of the river†. Coal is the largest source of fuel for electricity production as well as the largest source of environmental harm. Oil is used primarily for transportation fuels, but also for power production, heat and chemicals- as a feedback. The U. S. imports over h alf of the oil we use. Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel, which is used mostly for space and water heating and running industrial processes. Increasingly natural gas is used in turbines to produce electricity. Nuclear power harnesses the heat of radioactive materials to produce steam for power generation as well as provides about twenty one percent of U. S. power. Solar energy power form the sun providing electricity sunlight and wind power is energy that developed wind turbines that can produce electricity at a lower cost than power from polluting coal plants. All renewable energy technologies are not appropriate to all applications or locations (UCS). However, to combat global warming and the other problems associated with fossil fuels, the United States must switch to renewable energy sources: sunlight, wind and biomass (Brower, 1992). A study by the Union Concerned Scientists and three other national organizations, America’s Energy Choices, found that even when certain strict environmental standards are used for evaluating renewable energy projects. These renewable energy sources can provide more that half of the U. S. energy by the year 2030. Leading the U. S. ith conventional energy production, there are environmental issues to be considered, but fossil fuels are not the only source of energy, and burning fuel is not the only way to produce heat and motion. Moreover, renewable energy offers the environment better ways in saving, but has much smaller environmental impacts than fossil and nuclear fuels (UCS). Some energy sources are â€Å"renewable† because they are naturally replenished- they can be managed so this set them to last long or because their supply is enormous that they can nit be meaningfully depleted by humans. The twenty first century holds many challenges for mankind. New and exciting ideas are being implemented every day. Energy conservation is a concern to everyone; therefore, alternatives to the manufacturing of consumer items are being researched on a regular basis. [pic] (MSNBC Media Com. ) The twenty first century holds many challenges for mankind. New and exciting ideas are being implemented every day. Energy conservation is a concern to everyone; therefore, alternatives to the manufacturing of consumer items are being researched on a regular basis. The reliable source of ethanol as a viable source of energy is a challenge for the governments around the world along with the consumers. The ethanol energy is an alternative to the petroleum fuels and is a better resource for the environment. Ethanol is a solution to the problems of soil and water contamination. Many books have been written about the alternative resources for energy. Eighteen years ago Micki Nellis wrote about â€Å"the making if on the farm – Alcohol fuel is the road to independence’ (Keith Addison – Hand made projects). â€Å"Ethanol is produced by bacteria that ferment and break down carbohydrate sugars, such as the starch from corn. Humans have been fine-tuning this process for thousands of years, although mainly to brew alcoholic beverages† (Bjorn Carney, January 26, 2006). Conscientious consumers are being persuaded and educated on the use of ethanol as an effective resource of energy. The developed and underdeveloped countries have concluded that the creation of an alternative energy system is also a viable source of employment. Global warming is an international problem that can be easily solved. However, the United States of America must take a leading position is finding a workable solution. The ethanol brand of fuel is in great demand globally. Most gas stations across the country in the United States use this blend. New opportunities are available to consumers to enjoy clean energy and get rid of the addiction to foreign oil. References DiPardo, J(October 18, 1999) Outlook for Biomass Ethanol Production and Demand. United States Department of energy. http//tonto. aea. doe. gov/ftproot/features/biomass. pdf. Retrieved October 10, 2009. The United States Department of Energy is trying to set goals in the production of ethanol. Ethanol will reduce the prices of gasoline as much as 60 cents per gallon by year 2015. Renewable Fuel Standard Program (May 26, 2009). United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www. epa. gov/otaq/renewablefuels/ Retrieved October 10, 2009 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is proposing a renewable fuel standard program which will increase the volume of renewable fuel such as ethanol, to blended with regular gasoline. In 2008, 9 billion gallons of renewable fuel were blend into gasoline. By year 2022, 36 billion gallons should be blend. Reel, M(August 19, 2006) Brazils Road to Energy Independence, Washington Post. http://washingtonpost. om/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/19/ar2006081900842. html Retrieved October 10, 2009. Around three years ago, Brazil introduced ethanol from sugar cane to save millions of dollars in the oil market. Right now, most service stations offer the option of ethanol, gasoline, and premium gasoline. Ethanol has replaced 40 percent of gasoline consumption. Blackburn, J (1987) How the United States and the World Can Prosper Without Nuclear Energy or Coal. The Renewable Energy Alternative. Retrieved October 13, 2009 There are potential outputs of the various forms of renewable energy in the United States. These energy sources include direct solar heat, waterpower, wind power, or combustible materials from plant photosynthesis, which are continually available. They may be contrasted with energy from fossil fuels, which, once burned, are not again available for human use.

How Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Came to Be

How Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Came to Be In reaction to an increase in the amount of cocaine being smuggled into the United States and cocaine addiction epidemic proportions in the 1980s, the U.S. Congress and many state legislatures adopted new laws that stiffened the penalties for anyone convicted of trafficking certain illegal drugs. These laws made jail terms mandatory for drug dealers and anyone in possession of certain amounts of illegal drugs. While many citizens support such laws many view them as inherently biased against African Americans. They see these laws as part of a system of systemic racism which oppresses people of color. One example of mandatory minimums being discriminatory was that possession  of powdered cocaine, a drug associated with white businessmen was sentenced  less harshly than crack cocaine which was more associated with African American men. History and the War on Drugs Mandatory drug sentencing laws came about in the 1980s in the height of the War on Drugs. The seizure of 3,906 pounds of cocaine, valued then at over $100 million wholesale, from a Miami International Airport hangar on March 9, 1982, brought about the publics awareness of the Medellin Cartel, Colombian drug traffickers working together,  and changed U.S. law enforcements approach towards the drug trade. The bust also sparked new life into the War on Drugs. Lawmakers began to vote more money for law enforcement and began to create stiffer penalties for not only drug dealers, but for drug users. Latest Developments In Mandatory Minimums More mandatory drug sentences are being proposed. Congressman James Sensenbrenner (R-Wis.), a proponent of mandatory sentencing, has introduced a bill to Congress called Defending Americas Most Vulnerable: Safe Access to Drug Treatment and Child Protection Act of 2004. The bill is designed to increase mandatory sentences for specific drug offenses. It includes mandatory sentencing of 10 years to life in prison for any person age 21 or over who attempts or conspires to offer drugs (including marijuana) to someone younger than 18 years old. Anyone who has offered, solicited, enticed, persuaded, encouraged, induced, or coerces or possess a controlled substance, will be sentenced to a term not less than five years. This bill was never enacted.   Pros of Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Supporters of mandatory minimums view it as a way to deter drug distribution and use by extending the time that a criminal is incarcerated therefore preventing them from committing more drug-related crimes. One reason mandatory sentencing guidelines are established is to increase sentencing uniformity- to guarantee that defendants, who commit similar crimes and have similar criminal backgrounds, receive similar sentences. Mandatory guidelines for sentencing greatly curtail judges sentencing discretion. Without such mandatory sentencing, defendants in the past, guilty of virtually the same offenses under the same circumstances, have received vastly different sentences in the same jurisdiction, and in some cases from the same judge. Proponents argue that a lack of sentencing guidelines opens up the system to corruption. Cons of Mandatory Drug Sentencing Laws Opponents to the mandatory sentencing feel that such punishment is unjust and does not allow for flexibility in the judicial process of prosecuting and sentencing individuals. Other critics of mandatory sentencing feel that the money spent in longer incarceration has not been beneficial in the war against drugs and could be better spent on other programs designed to fight drug abuse. A study performed by the  Rand Company  said such sentences have proven to be ineffective in curtailing drug use or drug related crime. The bottom line is that only decision makers who are very myopic would find long sentences to be appealing, said study leader Jonathan Caulkins of Rands Drug Policy Research Center. The high cost of incarceration and the small results that it has shown in fighting the war on drugs, show that such money would be better spent on shorter sentencing and drug rehabilitation programs. Other opponents to mandatory sentencing include Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, who in August 2003 in a speech to the American Bar Association, denounced minimum mandatory prison terms. In too many cases, mandatory minimum sentences are unwise and unjust, he said and encouraged the bar to be leaders in the search for justice in sentencing and in racial inequities. Dennis W. Archer, former Detroit mayor and Michigan Supreme Court Justice takes the position that it is time for America to stop getting tougher and start getting smarter against crime by reassessing mandatory sentencing and irrevocable prison terms. In an article posted on the ABA website, he states, The idea that Congress can dictate a one-size-fits-all sentencing scheme does not make sense. Judges need to have the discretion to weigh the specifics of the cases before them and determine an appropriate sentence. There is a reason we give judges a gavel, not a rubber stamp Where It Stands Because of cuts in many state budgets, and overcrowded prisons due to mandatory drug sentencing, lawmakers are facing a financial crisis. Many states have begun to use alternatives to imprisonment for drug offenders- usually called drug courts- in which defendants are sentenced into treatment programs, rather than jail. In states where these drug courts have been established, officials are finding this approach to be a more effective way of approaching the drug problem. Research shows that drug court alternatives are not only more cost-effective than prison sentences for defendants who commit non-violent crimes, they help reduce the rate of defendants who return to a life of crime after completing the program.

Cyber Security (Potential Security Threats, Challenges for Hybrid Coursework

Cyber Security (Potential Security Threats, Challenges for Hybrid Cloud Solution, Cyber Security Concerns Associated With Mobile Devices, Nature of Internet Activists) - Coursework Example Some of the internet activist just like hackers tends to disrupt normal online operations of the target organization, in addition to blocking online access to targeted facilities. Moreover, internet activist focus on electronic civil disobedience done by creating partnerships plus coalitions that function independently, for instance the Protest.Net and Action Alert known for posting time and place for movements (Tavani, 2010). Internet Activists utilize the web for the most part in a non-intrusive manner, so as to press on with their grounds in the most proficient manner. That is why they operate websites which provide information regarding matters relatable to their cause, and offer links to sites which are of attention to their cause. In addition, they provide information concerning upcoming events and generally aid non-disruptive activities. For instance, they employ virtual sit-ins plus blockades, in addition to e-mail bombs (Jordan, 2002). Traditional hackers on the other hand use web hacks, computer break-ins, together with the spread of computer viruses plus worms. They attack corporations’ networks to make use of data for their financial gain, or in some instances for industrial espionage (Gardner & Kobtzeff, 2012). Traditional hackers unlike internet activists, employ more malicious and unsettling motives plus means, such as illegally using user accounts with privileges to run codes, with the intention of damaging and corrupting data, or stealing data plus software so as to stop genuine authorized users. They tend to disrupt normal operations and result in serious damage. However, both make use of certain tactics in particular e-mail spoofing and Distributed Denial of Service attacks on corporations with the intention of damaging the corporation’s public image, such as cracking techniques used for defacing Web sites. For instance, traditional hackers employ attack software, such as Aping@commands that attacked NATO sites during Kosovo war, and they seek to deluge the target server with network packets (Denning, 2002). They are also highly skilled when it comes to network design, and the techniques of avoiding security procedures. But, internet activists emphasize membership through e-mail newsletters, notices, and alerts concerning upcoming events. Both possess the power to interrupt and harm their opposition via electronic measures (National Communications System (U.S.), 2000). Current Monitoring Technologies Used To Detect Intrusions One of the present monitoring technologies applicable for a company that might be a target are the signature based and the anomaly based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (Ghosh, 2010). Such technologies are designed to detect possible intrusions like malicious acts, computer attack or intrusion of a virus. Enormous Network Intrusion Detection Systems server are placed on the links comprising a backbone network, so as to monitor every traffic, a nd the smaller systems are placed to keep an eye on traffic directed to an exact server, gateway, or even a router (Brazier & et tal, 2011). Consequently, the technology alerts the appropriate person upon detection. For instance, the Intrusion Prevention System makes use of high-tech multi-threaded architecture comprising virtual sensors which scales to shield even the most expanse enterprise networks. When it is deployed in conjunction with Security Information and Event Management or with Automatic

Corporate Social Responsibility and Poverty Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Poverty - Essay Example nations have achieved high levels of prosperity based on the support provided to them by private organization that invested in the nations and help out in others ways through corporate social responsibilities initiatives. This paper provides analyzes the effect of corporate social responsibility in developing and developed nations. Corporate responsibility is the commitment of businesses to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, local communities and society at large to improve the quality of life of everyone (Centidamar & Husoy, 2007). The contributions of corporate responsibility towards the sustainable development of a region and the globe can either be directly or indirectly. An indirect contribution of a company’s presence is a region is lowering the government’s unemployment rate by creating a substantial amount of new employment opportunities for the unemployed residents of a region. Coca-Cola is a multinational firm the as of 2003 employed nearly 30,000 people in the People’s Republic of China and creates through the supplier chain effect nearly 410,000 in the country (Thecoca-colacompany, 2007). This beverage company has applied corporate responsibility initiatives to directly help the community of China. Two examples of the types o f social project in which the company donates resources is an HIV initiative which donates on a yearly basis 340,000 RMB to help support 150 organ children infected with the HIV virus and Coca Cola’s sponsorship of the 2012 Olympic Games in Beijing, China (Businessfightsaids, 2007). Corporate Responsibility is a balancing act between the global stakeholder’s interest and the shareholders interest. A shareholder has a narrow mind as far as what they feel is the most important goals since their only interest is to have the value of their investment go up which typically occurs with increase revenue and profitability. The manager of the firm is the one responsible of

Foundations for Change and Linear Regression Scatterplot Assignment

Foundations for Change and Linear Regression Scatterplot - Assignment Example When this is the case there seems to be urgency for change in the management and the employees. This can be established by considering what else is happening within the company (Johnson and William, 2001). Managerial leaders must look at the broad organization beyond ones division or division to establish whether it is the right time for change. When everyone understands the need for change and the benefits that the company and individual employees will get if the change is successfully implemented then the organization is ready for change. Most of the times the management will be quick to explain how the organization will benefit without explaining how the individual employee will benefit and this causes lack of readiness from their end (Banutu-Gomez and Banutu-Gomez, 2007). Change is also possible provided that there is readiness from both employees and the top level management. This is possible by explaining the need for change to both and reaching out to them for their input. Get to know what is working from their end, what is not working and what can change. Basically, the organization will only be ready if both the employees and the management are ready to be actively engaged in the process. The determination and availing of all that is required in the successful implementation of change is crucial. Will there be need of new technology? Do employees need training on a new process? Is there need to slow down the process of implementing change to allow employees to ‘catch up’? Before an organization begins the process if making changes in its operations, it must undertake the following important steps. The top management in every organization must seek the support of their stakeholders if they want to initiate a change within the organization. This is mainly due to the fact that the stakeholders have a lot of day on the resources and management of the organization hence they must approve of any change

HIV/AIDS: Stigma and discrimination

HIV/AIDS: Stigma and discrimination Stigma and discrimination face by people living with HIV/AIDS It has been defined by Roura et al., (2009) that the stigma associated with a precise kind of relationship between the behvaiours, perceptions and stereotypes is concerned with a deep sense of social deprivation. Despite the fact, that the concept of stigma is around 40 years old, it has been much researched on and is widely used to draw implications both in social and cultural contexts. All societies have imparted convictions and implications which help them translate encounters and conduct. Implanted inside that framework are the regulations based on which is to be demonized and who is definitely not. Despite the fact that these guidelines may contrast from society to society, shame is for the most part considered an adverse, moral or judgemental meaning of an individual or social circumstance, regularly joined with disparaging, disrespect, fault, and attribution of obligation regarding the condition. Disgrace is not just connected to persons with undesirable physical properties. A great many people are acutely mindful that persons with undesirable characteristics, whether physical, mental or passionate, are effectively and immediately defamed. In British society, a great many people will concur that individuals are obviously disparaged on the premise of their race, society, financial status, sex and age. Notwithstanding, the presence of disgrace can be more treacherous when connected to those with physical and dysfunctional behaviour, inability or physical impedances, or when connected with ugliness, indiscrimination, kid/grown-up ill-use, same-sex introduction, medication utilization/misuse and passing. Once derided, the individual is discriminated as a worthy part of society, subsequently the expression ruined personality stated by Pearson et al., (2009) to depict the division of the deprived individuals from ordinary parts of society. Once named as an other, the slandered individual is then subjected to separation, the activity emulating the cognitive met hodology of derision.   LO1: Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative research methods It has been stated that in the current era of Modern science there are multiple ways of thinking and identifying qualitative and quantitative research. The disagreement between qualitative examination methodologies and other research techniques is in inconsistency with the methodological aspects, as well as shows up in the opposition, in the epistemological field. This implies that the instruments, as well as in the focal methodologies describe the generation of information. I accept that the qualitative epistemology is focused around standards that have vital methodological outcomes. Alternately, quantitative outline addresses the numerical delineation of proof examined and information gathered. Logical information from qualitative exploration is not legitimized by the quantity of subjects examined, however by the nature of its outflow (Bernard Bernard, 2013). The quantity of subjects to study reacts to a quantitative paradigm, characterized essentially by the needs of the learning procedure found sometime during the examination in factual means. Singular statement of the subject in both the techniques gets centrality as the spot which may have at one point for the generation of thoughts by the analyst. The data passed on by a specific subject can be a critical minute for the generation of learning, without essentially must be rehashed in different subjects and information gathering techniques. Qualitative exploration offers numerous perspectives with quantitative examination morals. Along these lines, the moral issues are appropriate to science as a rule to both the examination plans. Clearly, knowing the multifaceted nature of morals and good logic, it is prescribed that an exchange that is expected to approach moral judgements of qualitative examination ought to be upheld by a few hypotheses. At the same time there are such a variety of hypotheses that a well meaning push to actualize large portions of them in the investigation of a particular examination can get to be inefficient. Especially on account of quantitative exploration, it is important to incorporate individuals with capacity and readiness of reflection and correspondence that they comprehend social qualities, needs and powerlessness, and the concerns of potential study subjects (Bernard Bernard, 2013). Leading qualitative exploration is similarly less immoderate than directing quantitative examination. Qualitative research likewise turns out to be viable when the exploration obliges unlimited measure of data. LO2: Is Research evidence appropriate to health and social care practice Since the first instances of AIDS were distinguished in 1981, HIVs have been disparaged. The examination confirmation existed on this point involves to the broad accessibility of information and databases. Cao et al., (2010) recommended that in social and medicinal services connection, the dread of AIDS spread over our country, HIVs being deprived from their occupations, ousted from their homes, denied restorative tend to, savagery and expelled from their own particular families. Additionally, HIV-positive kids have been denied admission to schools, games groups and clubs, and have encountered badgering from other youngsters and folks of other kids. This social derision of HIVs is not restricted to the United Kingdom, either. In different nations, HIVs have been beaten to death; disregarded by neighbours, managers and social insurance specialists; and even compared to rehearsing witchcraft. As a result of its relationship with the unthinkable subject of male-to-male sex and the trepidation of tainting, society has reacted to HIV/AIDS by disparaging persons to avoid them as much as possible. Is this belittling got from outsiders, as well as it can be gotten from the HIVs relatives, companions and health awareness experts too. It is interesting to note that during an era when HIVs need social backing like never before, they are rather subjected to the threatening vibe and dismissal connected with HIV-related disgrace. Radcliffe et al., (2010) characterized the expression Helps related shame as a term that alludes to preference, reducing, undermining, and segregation guided at individuals saw to have AIDS or HIV, and the people, gatherings, and groups with which they are related. This belittling can be showed in numerous diverse ways, frequently focused around the current generalizations of the society. In the United Kingdom, HIV-related disgrace showed through seclusion, dismissal, stereotyping, segregation and off and on again savagery. Social Factors of HIV-Related Stigma HIV/ AIDS confront shame on numerous distinctive levels. Medicinal diseases as of now can be a disgrace of their own, particularly focused around the reality of the condition. Since there is right now no cure for HIV/ AIDS, the condition is viewed as deadly, a term which strikes fear in the hearts of the vast majority. In an examination article on Supports and Stigma, Wagner et al., (2010) demonstrates that there are four particular qualities of HIV/AIDS that inspire disgrace from society, specifically: 1) apparent obligation of the PWHIV in getting the illness, 2) the unalterable or degenerative nature of the malady, 3) the way that it can be an infectious infection and 4) the promptly obvious indications of the sickness which show as the ailment advances. Rao et al., (2012) draw a qualification between instrumental AIDS disgrace (identifying with the transmittable and deadly nature of HIV) and typical AIDS shame. Instrumental AIDS shame is an after-effect of societys characteristic apprehension of the illness and the absence of instruction on infection transmission. LO3: Examining research evidence with consideration to validity and reliability In assessing studies, numerous methodological concerns do develop. Maybe, the most vital concerns are reliability and validity of the exploration procedure. Reliability appraisal of a study device is a centre segment of behavioural research and can be used effectively into immediate perceptions by deciding best conceivable levels of presentation. A few strategies have been utilized that can give reliability of the survey estimation routines, including test-retest, Pearson coefficient, Kendalls coefficient, odd-even, and the proportional structures strategy. Social approval systems are substantial to the degree that they gauge what they claim to quantify. It is basic that great inward and outer validity be expressed as a social approval method. In addition, the outside validity of the evaluation methodology can be evaluated and still is faulty (Ritchie et al., 2013). The measurements analysts accept they are measuring may have little connection to what is really being measured and tha t face validity is deficient as the sole paradigm for assessing the validity of appraisal gadgets. One approach to survey validity would be to have the social approval evaluation created or reassessed by a board of masters or judges who are not included straightforwardly in the examination. An alternate technique would be to have a social approval evaluation of the social acceptance instrument. Case in point, in the wake of reacting to a poll, raters would react to a second survey that let them know the reason for the first survey and requested that the rate how well they thought the inquiries surveyed the reason (Ritchie et al., 2013). Also, analysts need to be mindful of radiance impacts, inclinations to tolerance or seriousness, focal propensity reactions, and position or closeness predispositions of raters, which might misleadingly improve the reliability of estimation without enhancing reaction exactness or validity. LO4: Demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between research theory and health and social care practice Investigation demonstrates that social help whether perceived or genuine is especially paramount for females as they depend all the more on social connections contrasted with men in comparable circumstances. A few studies have recommended that apparent social backing is more vital than genuine backing. Social backing has been demonstrated to impact both well being conduct and well being conclusions. Further, social backing has been indicated to cradle the impact of natural stressors, in this way, minimizing antagonistic results of upsetting circumstances. There is an overall reported backwards relationship between social backing and misery among HIV-positive populaces. Albeit much is thought about HIV-related shame and HIV-divulgence, an audit of the writing uncovers an absence of understanding of how they influence misery. Consequently, the general objective of this study is to look at the connections between sorrow (a mental result of HIV illness) and HIV-related shame, exposure of HIV positive status, and social backing among African-American ladies with HIV infection. Cao et al., (2010) portrayed social backing as an indispensable asset that an individual must draw upon for survival. As a safety asset, social backing is hypothesized to have an immediate impact on both cognitive evaluation and adapting endeavours. Social backing can help more positive examinations of individual life circumstances and backing more powerful adapting. Social backing can serve to lessen instability and stress and give the individual a method for diversion, passionate help, sensitivity and sympathy, and accommodating data. Ritchie et al., (2013) further developed the idea of social help, expressing that there is an agreeable refinement between the number and sorts of social connections and the view of the estimation of such connections. The quantity of social connections is termed the informal community. The view of social connections is termed seen social backing. At long last, Ritchie et al., (2013) recommended that there are distinctive sorts of social backing, for example, passionate, instructive, or substantial, and the sort of help must additionally be considered notwithstanding the span of the informal community and the impression of the nature of help that is accessible. Cao et al., (2010) remarkable various studies that have demonstrated how social connections maintain wellbeing and on the other hand how low social help identifies with negative wellbeing results. Broad exploration has showed that social combination has significant physical and mental medical advantages for more established grown-ups. Whats more, social backing has been indicated to be identified with positive conclusions in individuals living with HIV and, all the more particularly, to gay men living with HIV. Actually, adults matured 50 years and more seasoned include in excess of 10% of the HIV-positive populace in the United Kingdom. This rate is most likely excessively low focused around the way that more established grown-ups are rarely tried for HIV. Not their doctors or the more established grown-ups themselves see that they are at danger for the sickness. This is further convoluted on the grounds that numerous manifestations of HIV can be camouflaged as results of maturing. Alongside ladies and minorities, more seasoned grown-ups are right now one of the quickest developing HIV-contaminated populaces. They are particularly defenceless against disease (by physical changes in the body with age and by disappointment to utilize proper insurance amid sex) and, when tainted, they are more averse to recognize the side effects, get tired and look for the help they require. LO5: Gather evidence from a variety of research sources, including charts, graphs and tables, from text and online sources Although, emotional distress serves as a motivator for help-seeking behavior, the fear of being stigmatized may cloud the person’s cognitive process of making the decision to seek help. As time is of the essence with HIV/ AIDS, this delay in seeking health or social services presents a real problem. HIV/AIDS cases are also on the rise in such marginalized groups as African-Americans, women and older adults. Therefore, in many cases, HIVs are already stigmatized prior to disclosure of their HIV-positive condition. They know all too well the results of being stigmatized and, therefore, may be even more unwilling to disclose their HIV-positive status. The HIV-related stigma, then, becomes a second or even third type of stigma that is forced upon them. In their study of HIV-related stigma received by African-American caregivers, Rudolph et al., (2010) stated that â€Å"social isolation stemming from HIV-related stigma may be exacerbated for women, for elderly people, and for people of colour†. Persons who get HIV through circumstances which were out of their control (i.e., blood transfusions, needle-sticks or mother-to-kid) are even subject to this kind of slander, particularly as their infection advances. Typical AIDS shame is a statement of the general publics negative state of mind connected with the transmission of HIV. Due to the way of HIV/ AIDS, it will in the end get to be important for the contaminated individual to look for restorative consideration, at any rate. The forceful enthusiastic impacts going with the ailment might likewise make the requirement for usage of social administrations.. As time is of the pith with HIV/ AIDS, this deferral in looking for well being or social administrations exhibits a genuine issue. To confound matters, more established grown-ups and some ethnic gatherings are now uncertain of western solution hones, human services associations and mental health administrations and, moreover, might not have equivalent access to these administ rations. Albeit one may think divulgence to administration suppliers may not act like incredible a danger of being criticized as exposure to family, companions or associates, it still has dangers. Conclusion Since, the situation of HIV/ AIDS, is inevitably vital for the HIV-positive individuals to look for restorative consideration, at any rate, the compelling passionate impacts going with the disease might likewise make the requirement for use of social administrations. To entangle matters, more established grown-ups and some ethnic gatherings are as of now uncertain of western medication hones, human services associations and mental health administrations and, moreover, might not have equivalent access to these administrations. Albeit one may think deprivation to administration suppliers may not act like incredible a danger of being derided as exposure to family, companions or associates, it still has dangers. Notwithstanding the hazard that the HIVs status may not be kept totally private, there is likewise the danger of being defamed by the very administration experts to whom the HIVs turns for help. Despite the fact that health awareness experts may not have any desire to confess to slandering HIVs, the examination has confirm that HIV-related shame keeps on being available among some of them (Wagner et al., 2010). Notwithstanding the solid impact HIV-related disgrace can have on the self, it is characteristic for individuals to oppose being disparaged, and in this way, the social shame of HIV/ AIDS may make unnecessary deterrents to get social and health awareness administrations. On the off chance that the HIVs urge to oppose defamation is stronger than their urge to look for help for themselves, they may evade usage of HIV-related administrations until such time that they cannot maintain a strategic distance from it any longer, maybe because of a hospitalization. References Bernard, H. R., Bernard, H. R. (2013).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Cao, H., He, N., Jiang, Q., Yang, M., Liu, Z., Gao, M., Detels, R. (2010). Stigma against HIV-infected persons among migrant women living in Shanghai, China.AIDS Education and Prevention,22(5), 445. Pearson, C. R., Micek, M. A., Pfeiffer, J., Montoya, P., Matediane, E., Jonasse, T., Gloyd, S. S. (2009). One year after ART initiation: psychosocial factors associated with stigma among HIV-positive Mozambicans.AIDS and Behavior,13(6), 1189-1196. Radcliffe, J., Doty, N., Hawkins, L. A., Gaskins, C. S., Beidas, R., Rudy, B. J. (2010). Stigma and sexual health risk in HIV-positive African American young men who have sex with men.AIDS patient care and STDs,24(8), 493-499. Rao, D., Feldman, B. J., Fredericksen, R. J., Crane, P. K., Simoni, J. M., Kitahata, M. M., Crane, H. M. (2012). A structural equation model of HIV-related stigma, depressive symptoms, and medication adherence.AIDS and Behavior,16(3), 711-716. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Roura, M., Urassa, M., Busza, J., Mbata, D., Wringe, A., Zaba, B. (2009). Scaling up stigma? The effects of antiretroviral roll-out on stigma and HIV testing. Early evidence from rural Tanzania.Sexually transmitted infections,85(4), 308-312. Rudolph, A. E., Davis, W. W., Quan, V. M., Ha, T. V., Minh, N. L., Gregowski, A., Go, V. (2012). Perceptions of community-and family-level injection drug user (IDU)-and HIV-related stigma, disclosure decisions and experiences with layered stigma among HIV-positive IDUs in Vietnam.AIDS care,24(2), 239-244. Wagner, A. C., Hart, T. A., Mohammed, S., Ivanova, E., Wong, J., Loutfy, M. R. (2010). Correlates of HIV stigma in HIV-positive women.Archives of womens mental health,13(3), 207-214.

Good Vs. Evil in To Kill a Mockingbird and Macbeth :: comparison compare contrast essays

Good Vs. Evil in To Kill a Mockingbird and Macbeth In literature, "evil often triumphs but never conquers." By definition, a triumph is only short- term. For example, something short- term would be an achieved title, a victor in a battle, or a winner in a game. These three things are only temporary, as triumphs usually are in novels. By definition, when something is conquered, it remains conquered perpetually. Usually the evil force is unable to conquer, because of the opposite side's mentality. Because of these definitions, this statement is showing that even though evil characters or actions prevail in battles or events, the feat would not last forever, especially in the hearts and minds of the opposite side. I agree with this statement because there is proof that this is true in novels that I have read. Many novels have this common theme: good versus evil. This theme is unquestionably shown in two works, Macbeth and To Kill A Mockingbird. Macbeth is a tragic play about a man who lusted after power, stole the throne of Scotland from the rightful Prince Malcolm, and threw the country into chaos throughout his evil reign. In the end, his own greed and guilt consumed him. Ironically, at the beginning of the play, Macbeth has everything going for him. This is an example of situational irony, because the audience sees him acquiring all of this power very rapidly, and would not expect that he would lose it all in the end. Macbeth, manipulated and encouraged by his own wife, murders King Duncan in order to seize the throne for himself. The stolen crown gives him no satisfaction, for he is riddled with guilt over the murder and fear of being discovered. All of these foul things Macbeth does to gain the throne are considered to be evil triumphs, which fuels his greed even more. In his own mind, he faces serious internal conflict, seeing these triumphs as not enough, because he wants to achieve absolute power. The cl imax of the play is at the banquet scene, when Macbeth can no longer hide his anguish and convicts himself saying "Thou canst say I did it." From this point on in the play, this is the end for Macbeth.

Importance of English

History of the English Language A short history of the origins and development of English The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders – mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland.The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc – from which the words England and English are derived. Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. Varieties of English From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words â€Å"froze† when they reached Amer ica. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.Some expressions that the British call â€Å"Americanisms† are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example  trash  for rubbish,  loan  as a verb instead of lend, and  fall  for autumn; another example,  frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English with words like  canyon,  ranch,  stampede  and  vigilante  being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West.French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English). Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (i ncluding the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.WHY IS ENGLISH SO IMPORTANT? Although a variety of languages are spoken all over the world, English is an important language to know. English is the language most international business is conducted in, it is used in more areas of the globe than any other and the only language spoken by more people is  Mandarin  (one of the languages in China). In many countries, the citizens have different tribal languages. Even though English is not a native language, the governments select English as an adopted national language.The government documents and laws written in English will be less subject to interpretation than if they had to be written separately in every tribal language. All school-related and workplace connections require a solid understanding of the E nglish language. If you are studying English at school, college or university, remember that getting an ‘A' grade in English is almost worthless, in terms of communication, if you cannot speak the language. Spoken English is used in the best careers, the best universities, and is increasingly being used at job interviews.REASONS TO LEARN ENGLISH 1) English is the most spoken language around the world. 1 out of 5 persons understands it! 2) Many of the most famous movies or songs are written in English! You’ll be able to understand them! 3) If you learn English, you’ll be able to visit most websites! 4) Speaking English is a tremendous asset for your professional career! 5) English is not hard to learn, compared to many other foreign languages! 6) Nowadays, we are surrounded by English (in non English speaking countries of course†¦). Understanding this language becomes more and more important! ) If you are a student, or just eager to learn, to understand Engli sh is almost mandatory since many publications are in English! 8) You will be able to visit the 45 countries where English is the official language! 9) But you will also be able to travel around the entire world! Even if you’re not going to an English speaking country, it is very likely that locals will understand you if you speak in English! 10) For the pleasure! Learning a language, especially English, is rewarding when you see you’re improving! Communicate with your friends in English! Dare To learn and Speak! ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE

How to Easily Grow Silver Crystals

How to Easily Grow Silver Crystals Silver crystals are beautiful and easily grown metal crystals. You can watch crystal growth under a microscope or let the crystals grow overnight for larger crystals. Directions Suspend a piece of copper wire in 0.1M silver nitrate in a test tube. If you coil the wire you will get high surface area and more visible growth.Place the tube in a darkened location. Try to avoid high-traffic (high-vibration) areas.Crystals should be visible to the naked eye on the copper wire after about an hour, but larger crystals and noticeable blue coloration of liquid will occur overnight.ORPlace a drop of mercury in a test tube and add 5-10 ml 0.1M silver nitrate.Allow the tube to stand undisturbed in a dark location for 1-2 days. Crystals will grow on the surface of the mercury. Tips It is easy to watch crystals form on a copper wire under a microscope. The heat of the microscope light will cause crystals to form very quickly.AÂ  displacement reaction is responsible for crystal formation: 2Ag Cu → Cu2 2Ag Materials Needed 0.1M Silver NitrateTest TubeCopper Wire or Mercury

Non-Toxic Colored Smoke Bombs

Non-Toxic Colored Smoke Bombs You may have read that the YouTube colored smoke bomb video is believed to have been faked, with the video showing a military smoke bomb, masked with duct tape, rather than the smoke bomb made using the recipe. I think that probably is true, but it doesnt invalidate the recipe for the colored smoke bomb (though I have heard recommendations that you avoid adding baking soda Im looking into that). Colored smoke bombs arent new. The other recipes I have listed date back as far as 1936. A colored smoke bomb is a normal smoke bomb, with dispersed dye. The trick is to release the dye into the air, rather than simply burn it.I get a lot of questions about the safety of smoke bombs. Is it safe to use your cookware for food after making a smoke bomb? Is the smoke bomb non-toxic? Is the smoke from the smoke bomb non-toxic?The classic smoke bomb recipe is very safe. The ingredients are sugar and saltpeter. I think we can agree that sugar is non-toxic. If you read the MSDS for saltpeter (potass ium nitrate), youll see eating it will cause you to throw up, and like other nitrates, it can be converted to nitrites, so its not good for kids to eat, but its not a poison. You shouldnt taste the smoke bomb, much less eat it, but if you do, its unlikely you would fall over dead (do call Poison Control). If you wash your cookware after making a smoke bomb, it will be safe for cooking. I should note: you can ruin your pan with this recipe. If youve made candy (badly), you know burnt sugar and pans dont go well together. Smoke particles arent great for your respiratory system. The smoke from the smoke bomb is no more or less safe than smoke from a campfire. Actually, the campfire smoke is worse, but it gives you a sort of safety benchmark.Moving on to the colored smoke bomb... I wouldnt eat the organic dye, nor would I intentionally breathe it. The MSDS of the particular dye you choose will give you details, and you should read the MSDS. Id make something like this in the lab, not my kitchen. The smoke is for show, not for inhalation. Its on par with the safety of most chemistry demonstrations. Its safe if you know what youre doing and use precautions, bu t not something the average person will want to make.

Compare and contrast attitudes towards Native Americans Essay

Compare and contrast attitudes towards Native Americans - Essay Example Even though white American treated American Indians in hostile manner, the latter considered the former as brothers. The American Indian was always treated unfairly and was not rewarded for their efforts and they often survived liked invisible Americans. They were given small reservations and were cut off from the rest of the country. Many Americans who live out of the West have no idea that Native Americans did survive in America. Traditionally, Americans neglected Native Americans and did not give any rights or privilege to this community. Americans felt that even though Native Americans had noble qualities, in the end they are evil, treacherous and cruel. Native Americans were a minority and were treated with injustice by white Americans. Americans kept a distance from Native Americans as they were believed to be lazy, uncivilized and vengeful. Native Americans had been neglected throughout the history of America, until the media started focusing on them. It was in 1960 that two books on American Indians throw some light upon their importance and culture. In 1960s Native Americans received more attention among white Americans and this led to greater awareness of American Indians and the troubles they faced in their daily life. The American Indians utilized the publicity they had among white Indians and the Americans started caring more for their needs and desire. Americans started feeling sympathetic towards Native Americans and started realizing their rights and needs. So the media started to focus on their problems, history and explained the pain they suffered at the hands of white Americans. The plight of the Native Americans is poor because they are largely misunderstood by the White Americans. The problem is the both the parties does not attempt to understand each other. It was in late 20th century that the Americans started realizing that America is not

Transition services in special education Coursework

Transition services in special education - Coursework Example Transition services normally coordinated and designed within an outcome-oriented process that aims at promoting movement from school towards post-school life activities. These activities are usually based on the needs, preferences and interests of the students. They include the activities needed in the following areas: related services of disabilities, instructions, experiences in the community, daily living skills acquisition when appropriate, functional vocational evaluation and the development of employment and other living objectives of adult post-school life. The transition services are important in offering students with disabilities hope for their future. The community resources and agencies provide students with disability with adequate knowledge, and education can be tailored to the goals and strength of the students to providing the options and plans for the future life. It is not just enough to simply be aware that students with disabilities are in need of guidance to successfully transition themselves from high school life to the next stage of young adulthood life. Bold steps need to be taken to offer guidance and prepare the teenagers for college life and their future careers, as well as independent lives. Without such guidance in place, students with disabilities, more so learning disabilities, often fail during their high school life and beyond. All special education students regardless of the disability severity between the ages of sixteen (16) to twenty-one (21) years qualifies for transition services and must have transition components in their Individualized Education Plan (Pennsylvania Department of Education, Education Law Center, 2007). Planning in most cases begins from the age of sixteen (16) years, or when appropriate, as early as fourteen years of age. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires the first Individualized Education Plan to be implemented once the student reaches sixteen (16) years of